TLDR:
  • Subgraph schemas define how data is stored and queried, including immutable vs. mutable entities and relationships
  • @entity and id fields are required, with types like Bytes, BigInt, String, Boolean, Int, and BigDecimal
  • Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many, sometimes using @derivedFrom
  • A clear understanding of schema design (e.g., SHIB token indexing example) ensures efficient and accurate data retrieval

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Introduction

Chainstack just announced its newest addition to the platform—Chainstack Subgraphs. It allows developers to index and consume blockchain data with peace of mind. To tailor a subgraph to your specific needs, it is essential to understand how its data is stored. A typical schema looks like this: 
type Token @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	name: String!
	symbol: String
	decimals: Int
}
Schema is defined in schema.graphql file and is auto-generated when you run the graph init command. It is essential for subgraph deployment. You can create multiple schema files with different names, just make sure to add them in subgraph.yaml. This article provides a general overview of subgraph schemas. Most of the examples are simplified versions of Messari’s subgraphs. For more in-depth information on how to use a subgraph, you can also check out these great articles in this category.

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Entity

All data entries in a subgraph should be an entity and marked with @entity in the schema. Without explicitly declaring, it causes a compilation error. Entities can be related to other entities. For example: 
type Token @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	name: String!
	symbol: String
}

type TransferEvent @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	token: Token!
	amount: BigInt!
}
In this case, a TransferEvent entity has a Token entity in its field. It is a one-to-many relationship. We will go into different types of relationships later.

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Mutable vs immutable

In general, there are two types of entities: immutable and mutable. 

type Token @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	name: String!
	symbol: String
	owner: [owner]
}

type Owner @entity{
	id: Bytes!
	balance: Int
}

type TransferEvent @entity(immutable: true) {
	id: Bytes!
	token: Token!
	amount: BigInt!
	from: Owner!
	to: Owner!
}
In this example, TransferEvent entity is defined as immutable. Immutable entities are much faster to write and query so always define an entity as immutable if possible. By default, all entities are mutable meaning that they can be changed during execution. Immutable entities, as the name suggested, can’t be modified once it is created. It can only be modified if only the changes happen in the same block in which it is created. When you define your schema, you should have a clear idea of how your subgraph stores data. For example, the Owner entity and Token entity are always updated when a transfer happens; therefore they should not be immutable entities. TransferEvent is the transaction details, and is considered finalized once it is confirmed; it is very unlikely to be modified therefore should be an immutable entity.

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Types

The Graph supports 6 data types:
  • Bytes — hexadecimal string. Commonly used for hashes and addresses.
  • String — values of string type
  • Boolean — values of boolean type
  • Int — integer values in GraphQL are limited to 32 bytes. This type can be used to store int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int24, uint24, and int32 data.
  • BigInt — this type can store integers that are beyond 32 bytes, such as uint32, int64, uint64 until int256 and uint256.
  • BigDecimal — handling decimals on Ethereum can be tricky. The Graph supports high-precision decimals represented as a significand and exponent. The exponent range is from -6,143 to +6,144. Rounded to 34 significant digits.
In addition, the developer can also define their own enum types. For example: 
enum TokenType {
	UNKNOWN
	ERC20
	ERC721
}

type Token @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	type: TokenType!
	name: String!
	symbol: String
	decimals: Int
}

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Optional and required fields

The fields in an entity can either be optional or required. A required field is indicated with “!”. In this example, id and name are mandatory for Token entity. If any of these fields are missing during indexing, an error occurs. 
type Token @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	name: String!
	symbol: String
	decimals: Int
}
Please take note that the id field is mandatory for all entities. It must be unique and it serves as the primary key. The id field must be either byte or string type. If your subgraph is indexing transactions, you can use the transaction hash as id. For a token, this id can be either the token’s smart contract address or a unique string. Below are some ideas for unique ID values:
  • event.params.id.toHex()
  • event.transaction.from.toHex()
  • event.transaction.hash.toHex() + "-" + event.logIndex.toString()

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Relationships

An entity may relate to one or more other entities.

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One-to-one

Below is an example pair of one-to-one entities referencing each other: 
type TransferEvent @entity(immutable: true) {
	id: Bytes!
	blockNumber: BigInt!
	timestamp: BigInt!
  transferDetail: TransferEventDetail
}

type TransferEventDetail @entity(immutable: true) {
	id: Bytes!
  transactionDetail: TransferEvent
	token: Token!
	amount: BigInt!
	from: Owner!
	to: Owner!
}

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One-to-many

Below is a one-to-many relation example: 
type Token @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	name: String!
	symbol: String
}

type TransferEvent @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	token: Token!
	amount: BigInt!
}

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Many-to-many

Many-to-many relations are usually defined as an array in both entities. Taking ERC-20 token as an example, a token may have many owners, so the Token entity should keep an owner list. An owner can potentially hold more than one token so the Owner entity also keeps a list of tokens. The schema: 
type Token @entity {
	id: Bytes!
	name: String!
	symbol: String
	owners: [owner!]!
}

type Owner @entity{
	id: Bytes!
	tokens: [Token!]! @derivedFrom(field: "owner")
}

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Reverse lookups

In the above example, a new keyword @derivedFrom is used, it is called reverse lookup. When a field is defined as @derivedFrom, it is never actually created during indexing. Instead, it is referencing another field in the other entity. In the above case, when an owner’s tokens field is queried, GraphQL looks into the owners field of the Token entity to find all the tokens with a particular owner in its owners field and returns that as a result.

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Indexing SHIB token

Here is an example of subgraph indexing for Shiba Inu coin, which includes transfer events and owners’ account balances. This example is built with graph CLI version 0.45.1. Firstly, run graph init with contract address: 0x95aD61b0a150d79219dCF64E1E6Cc01f0B64C4cE. Change the subgraph.yaml to the following: 
specVersion: 0.0.5
schema:
  file: ./schema.graphql
dataSources:
  - kind: ethereum
    name: Contract
    network: mainnet
    source:
      address: "0x95aD61b0a150d79219dCF64E1E6Cc01f0B64C4cE"
      abi: Contract
      startBlock: 10569013
    mapping:
      kind: ethereum/events
      apiVersion: 0.0.7
      language: wasm/assemblyscript
      entities:
        - Account
        - Transfer
      abis:
        - name: Contract
          file: ./abis/Contract.json
      eventHandlers:
        - event: Transfer(indexed address,indexed address,uint256)
          handler: handleTransfer
      file: ./src/contract.ts
Then we modify the schema.graphql in the following manner: 
type Transfer @entity(immutable: true) {
  "id will be tx hash"
  id: String!
  hash: Bytes!
  to: Account!
  from: Account!
  amount: BigInt!

  blockNumber: BigInt!
  timestamp: BigInt!
}

type Account @entity {
  "id will be account address"
  id: Bytes!
  amount: BigInt!
}
Here we index two entities, the Account entity keeps all the balance of SHIB token holder’s account balances. The Transfer entity keeps a record of all transactions that are related to SHIB token. Here we use transaction hash as its ID. Next, to generate schema.ts in the generated directory run: 
graph codegen
Then navigate to the src directory to define our event mapping. 
import { Bytes, BigInt, ethereum, log } from "@graphprotocol/graph-ts";
import {
  Transfer as TransferEvent
} from "../generated/Contract/Contract"
import { Account, Transfer} from "../generated/schema"

export function handleTransfer(event: TransferEvent): void {
  let transfer = new Transfer(
    event.transaction.hash.toHex()
  )
  transfer.hash = event.transaction.hash
  transfer.from = event.params.from
  transfer.to = event.params.to
  transfer.amount = event.params.value

  transfer.blockNumber = event.block.number
  transfer.timestamp = event.block.timestamp

  transfer.save()

  var sender = Account.load(transfer.from)
  var receiver = Account.load(transfer.to)
  if (receiver == null){
    receiver = new Account(transfer.to)
    receiver.amount = transfer.amount
    receiver.save()
  }
  else{
    receiver.amount = receiver.amount.plus(transfer.amount)
    receiver.save()
  }

  if(sender != null){
    sender.amount = sender.amount.minus(transfer.amount)
    sender.save()
  }
}
That’s it. Finally, run npm install and graph build to compile the code and deploy it to Chainstack Subgraphs with the deployment command which can be found in your Chainstack console. When deployment completes, open the GraphQL UI URL in your browser to see the result.

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Conclusion

To make the most out of subgraphs, it is important to understand how data is stored. In this article, we covered the basics of subgraph schemas, including entities, mutable vs. immutable types, optional and required fields, relationships, and indexing examples for the SHIB token. By following these guidelines, developers can create customized subgraphs that suit their specific needs and ensure efficient and accurate indexing of blockchain data.

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See also

A beginner’s guide to getting started with The Graph

Deploying a Lido subgraph with Chainstack

Debugging subgraphs with a local Graph Node

Indexing ERC-20 token balance using Subgraphs

Indexing Uniswap data with Subgraphs

Fetching subgraph data using JS

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About the author

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Wuzhong Zhu

Developer Advocate @ Chainstack BUIDLs on Ethereum, zkEVMs, The Graph protocol, and IPFS