Celo: Build a simple voting DApp with Foundry, Next.js, and Web3.js

Introduction to Celo

Celo is an open-source blockchain ecosystem that makes decentralized financial (DeFi) tools and services accessible to anyone with a smartphone. It is designed to support financial inclusion and provide a platform for decentralized applications (DApps) with a particular emphasis on mobile usability.

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NFP

Not for production (NFP) obviously. Feel free to take the source and modify to your needs.

We assume no responsibility for the code. Moreover, this is a very rough unaudited contract.

Project overview: Simple voting DApp

In this tutorial, we'll build a simple voting DApp on the Celo blockchain. The project involves deploying a smart contract using Foundry and creating a simple user interface with Next.js and web3.js to interact with MetaMask.

Prerequisites

Step-by-step

Get a Celo node

Deploy a Celo node using Chainstack to interact with the Celo network.

Smart contract development

Use Foundry to develop, compile, and deploy a simple voting smart contract.

Install Foundry on your machine; you can follow the instructions in the Foundry book.

Once installed, create a new directory for your project and initialize a Foundry project.

forge init foundry

This will create a Foundry project with the following layout:

.
├── README.md
├── foundry.toml
├── lib
│   └── forge-std
│       ├── LICENSE-APACHE
│       ├── LICENSE-MIT
│       ├── README.md
│       ├── foundry.toml
│       ├── package.json
│       ├── scripts
│       ├── src
│       └── test
├── script
│   └── Counter.s.sol
├── src
│   └── Counter.sol
└── test
    └── Counter.t.sol

In the src directory, rename the sample smart contract to Voting.sol and paste the following contract:

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Disclaimer

This Solidity smart contract is provided as an educational example and is not intended for production use. The code is simplified for clarity and lacks several critical features required for a secure and efficient production-grade application.

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

// Celo only supports up to 0.8.19 due to the new Push0 opcode
pragma solidity >=0.8.0 <=0.8.19;

/// @title A simple voting contract
/// @notice This contract allows users to vote for pre-defined candidates
/// @dev This contract uses mappings to store candidate and voter information
contract Voting {
    struct Candidate {
        string name;
        uint voteCount;
    }

    mapping(uint => Candidate) public candidates;
    mapping(address => bool) public voters;
    uint public candidatesCount;

    event CandidateAdded(uint indexed candidateId, string name);
    event Voted(address indexed voter, uint indexed candidateId);

    /// @notice Constructor to initialize the contract with default candidates
    constructor() {
        addCandidate("Luna");
        addCandidate("Orion");
    }

    /// @notice Adds a new candidate to the candidates list
    /// @dev This function is private and can only be called within the contract
    /// @param _name The name of the candidate to add
    function addCandidate(string memory _name) private {
        candidatesCount++;
        candidates[candidatesCount] = Candidate(_name, 0);
        emit CandidateAdded(candidatesCount, _name);
    }

    /// @notice Allows a user to vote for a candidate
    /// @dev This function checks if the voter has already voted and if the candidate ID is valid
    /// @param _candidateId The ID of the candidate to vote for
    function vote(uint _candidateId) public {
        require(!voters[msg.sender], "Already voted.");
        require(
            _candidateId > 0 && _candidateId <= candidatesCount,
            "Invalid candidate."
        );

        voters[msg.sender] = true;
        candidates[_candidateId].voteCount++;
        emit Voted(msg.sender, _candidateId);
    }

    /// @notice Returns the name and vote count of a candidate
    /// @dev This function retrieves candidate information based on the candidate ID
    /// @param _candidateId The ID of the candidate to retrieve
    /// @return name The name of the candidate
    /// @return voteCount The vote count of the candidate
    function getCandidate(
        uint _candidateId
    ) public view returns (string memory name, uint voteCount) {
        Candidate memory candidate = candidates[_candidateId];
        return (candidate.name, candidate.voteCount);
    }
}

Follow the comments in the smart contract to understand the implementation; here is a quick breakdown.

TL;DR smart contract breakdown

This Solidity smart contract implements a simple voting system. Here's a concise breakdown:

  1. Contract Name: Voting

    • Implements a basic voting mechanism.
  2. Key Components:

    • Candidate Struct: Represents a candidate with a name and voteCount.
    • Mappings:
      • candidates: Maps a candidate ID to a Candidate struct.
      • voters: Maps an address to a boolean indicating if the address has voted.
  3. State Variables:

    • candidatesCount: Tracks the number of candidates.
  4. Events:

    • CandidateAdded: Emitted when a new candidate is added.
    • Voted: Emitted when a vote is cast.
  5. Constructor:

    • Initializes the contract by adding two default candidates: "Luna" and "Orion".
  6. Functions:

    • addCandidate:

      • Private function to add a new candidate.
      • Increments candidatesCount and updates the candidates mapping.
      • Emits the CandidateAdded event.
    • vote:

      • Allows a user to vote for a candidate.
      • Check if the voter has already voted and the candidate's ID is valid.
      • Updates the voters mapping to mark the address as having voted.
      • Increments the candidate's voteCount.
      • Emits the Voted event.
    • getCandidate:

      • Returns the name and vote count of a candidate by ID.

Functionality summary

  • Adding Candidates: Candidates can only be added internally via the addCandidate function, which is called in the constructor to add initial candidates.
  • Voting: Users can vote once for a candidate by providing the candidate's ID. The contract ensures each user votes only once and only for valid candidates.
  • Retrieving Candidate Info: Users can get a candidate's name and vote count by providing the candidate's ID.

This smart contract is designed for a simple voting scenario where users vote for pre-defined candidates, and the results are publicly accessible.

Test smart contract

Now that we have a contract let's implement a simple test script within Foundry. In the test directory, rename the current sample script to Voting.t.sol and paste the following script:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import {Test} from "../lib/forge-std/src/Test.sol";
import {Voting} from "../src/Voting.sol";

contract VotingTest is Test {
    Voting voting;

    // The setUp function runs before each test function
    // It creates a new instance of the Voting contract to ensure each test starts with a fresh contract
    function setUp() public {
        voting = new Voting();
    }

    // This test checks that a voter cannot vote more than once
    function testCannotVoteTwice() public {
        // Cast the first vote for candidate with ID 1
        voting.vote(1);

        // Expect the next vote attempt from the same voter to revert with "Already voted." message
        vm.expectRevert(bytes("Already voted."));

        // Attempt to vote again for the same candidate, which should fail
        voting.vote(1);
    }

    // This test checks that a voter cannot vote for an invalid candidate
    function testCannotVoteInvalidCandidate() public {
        // Expect the vote attempt for an invalid candidate ID (3) to revert with "Invalid candidate." message
        // The contract is deployed with 2 candidates
        vm.expectRevert(bytes("Invalid candidate."));

        // Attempt to vote for a non-existent candidate, which should fail
        voting.vote(3);
    }
}

This basic test script checks that an address cannot vote twice and that a user cannot vote for a candidate not on the list. Note how this contract lacks any real Sybil protection; this is an improvement you can add.

Move your terminal within the Foundry project and run the test command.

forge test

This will run the test script and you should see all the tests pass.

[⠘] Compiling...
[⠔] Compiling 1 files with 0.8.19
[⠑] Solc 0.8.19 finished in 1.69s
Compiler run successful!

Running 2 tests for test/Voting.t.sol:VotingTest
[PASS] testCannotVoteInvalidCandidate() (gas: 13027)
[PASS] testCannotVoteTwice() (gas: 57875)
Test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 skipped; finished in 5.57ms
 
Ran 1 test suites: 2 tests passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped (2 total tests)

Deploy the smart contract

We have a tested smart contract; let's deploy it on Celo using Foundry and your Chainstack node. If you haven't yet, ensure you have some Celo tokens.

Let's compile the smart contract:

forge compile

Then, we can deploy the contract in one single command using forge create:

forge create --rpc-url YOUR_CELO_CHAINSTACK_RPC --private-key YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY src/Voting.sol:Voting

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Make sure to add your RPC url and your private key to the command editing YOUR_CELO_CHAINSTACK_RPC and YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY.

Also note that this is a quick way to deploy and test, but exposing endpoints and private keys in your terminal is not a good security practice; ensure the wallet is used for testing only.

This will deploy the smart contract on Celo.

[⠆] Compiling...
No files changed, compilation skipped
Deployer: 0x8f8e7012F8F974707A8F11C7cfFC5d45EfF5c2Ae
Deployed to: 0x5564C4fC4842898Cf78B59373D822A32431d9f46
Transaction hash: 0x383821697a1019f36fe2ab4206463d58bf6bea4e226a4a8db8846a8a48d1eac4

The transaction can be seen on the Celo explorer; the link will show you an example of this contract deployment.

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We'll need the contract ABI and the address where it was deployed for the front end. You can find the ABI in the Foundry project inout/Voting.sol/Voting.json. If you didn't make any edits to the contract, you'll find the proper ABI already implemented in the front-end code we'll review in the next section.

Developing the front end

Now that we have deployed the smart contract, we can create a simple front end so that users can interact with it and vote. Let's initiate a Next.js project. You can do this in a different directory.

npx create-next-app@latest celo-voting-dapp

You can initialize the project with the following options

✔ Would you like to use TypeScript? … No
✔ Would you like to use ESLint? … Yes
✔ Would you like to use Tailwind CSS? … Yes
✔ Would you like to use `src/` directory? … Yes
✔ Would you like to use App Router? (recommended) … Yes
✔ Would you like to customize the default import alias (@/*)? … No

Then, move into that directory:

cd celo-voting-dapp

And install the web3.js package:

npm i [email protected]

Then in the Next project, go in src/app/page.jsand paste the following:

📘

Remember to add your node URL and smart contract address in:

> const nodeUrl = "YOUR_CHAINSTACK_CELO_URL";
> 
> // Add the address of your smart contract, you can use this if you don't have one 0x5564C4fC4842898Cf78B59373D822A32431d9f46  
> const contractAddress = "YOUR_DEPLOYED_SMART_CONTRACT";

Also note that exposing your endpoint in the front end like this is not good security practice, but it works for a prototype.

"use client";
import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
import { Web3 } from "web3";

// You node URL and chain ID
const nodeUrl = "YOUR_CHAINSTACK_CELO_URL";
const chainId = "0xa4ec"; // 42220 Chain ID for Celo

// Add the address of your smart contract
const contractAddress = "YOUR_DEPLOYED_SMART_CONTRACT";

const contractAbi = [
  { type: "constructor", inputs: [], stateMutability: "nonpayable" },
  {
    type: "function",
    name: "candidates",
    inputs: [{ name: "", type: "uint256", internalType: "uint256" }],
    outputs: [
      { name: "name", type: "string", internalType: "string" },
      { name: "voteCount", type: "uint256", internalType: "uint256" },
    ],
    stateMutability: "view",
  },
  {
    type: "function",
    name: "candidatesCount",
    inputs: [],
    outputs: [{ name: "", type: "uint256", internalType: "uint256" }],
    stateMutability: "view",
  },
  {
    type: "function",
    name: "getCandidate",
    inputs: [
      { name: "_candidateId", type: "uint256", internalType: "uint256" },
    ],
    outputs: [
      { name: "name", type: "string", internalType: "string" },
      { name: "voteCount", type: "uint256", internalType: "uint256" },
    ],
    stateMutability: "view",
  },
  {
    type: "function",
    name: "vote",
    inputs: [
      { name: "_candidateId", type: "uint256", internalType: "uint256" },
    ],
    outputs: [],
    stateMutability: "nonpayable",
  },
  {
    type: "function",
    name: "voters",
    inputs: [{ name: "", type: "address", internalType: "address" }],
    outputs: [{ name: "", type: "bool", internalType: "bool" }],
    stateMutability: "view",
  },
  {
    type: "event",
    name: "CandidateAdded",
    inputs: [
      {
        name: "candidateId",
        type: "uint256",
        indexed: true,
        internalType: "uint256",
      },
      { name: "name", type: "string", indexed: false, internalType: "string" },
    ],
    anonymous: false,
  },
  {
    type: "event",
    name: "Voted",
    inputs: [
      {
        name: "voter",
        type: "address",
        indexed: true,
        internalType: "address",
      },
      {
        name: "candidateId",
        type: "uint256",
        indexed: true,
        internalType: "uint256",
      },
    ],
    anonymous: false,
  },
];

export default function Home() {
  const [candidates, setCandidates] = useState([]);
  const [account, setAccount] = useState("");
  const [isCorrectNetwork, setIsCorrectNetwork] = useState(false);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
  const [error, setError] = useState("");

  useEffect(() => {
    // Load the user's account when the component mounts
    loadAccount();
  }, []);

  useEffect(() => {
    // Load candidates if the user is connected to the correct network
    if (isCorrectNetwork) {
      loadCandidates();
    }
  }, [isCorrectNetwork]);

  const checkNetwork = async (web3) => {
    // Get the current chain ID
    const currentChainId = await web3.eth.getChainId();
    // Check if the user is connected to the correct network
    if (currentChainId !== parseInt(chainId, 16)) {
      // Switch to the correct network if not
      await switchNetwork();
    } else {
      setIsCorrectNetwork(true);
    }
  };

  const switchNetwork = async () => {
    try {
      // Request to switch the network in MetaMask
      await window.ethereum.request({
        method: "wallet_switchEthereumChain",
        params: [{ chainId: chainId }],
      });
      setIsCorrectNetwork(true);
    } catch (switchError) {
      // Handle the error if the network is not available in MetaMask
      if (switchError.code === 4902) {
        setError(
          "This network is not available in your MetaMask, please add it manually"
        );
      }
    }
  };

  const loadAccount = async () => {
    if (window.ethereum) {
      const web3 = new Web3(window.ethereum);
      try {
        // Request the user's accounts from MetaMask
        await window.ethereum.request({ method: "eth_requestAccounts" });
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        // Set the user's account
        setAccount(accounts[0]);
        // Check if the user is connected to the correct network
        await checkNetwork(web3);
        return accounts[0];
      } catch (error) {
        // Handle the error if the user denies account access
        setError("User denied account access");
        return null;
      }
    } else {
      // Handle the error if MetaMask is not detected
      setError("MetaMask not detected");
      return null;
    }
  };

  const disconnectAccount = () => {
    // Reset the user's account and network status
    setAccount("");
    setIsCorrectNetwork(false);
  };

  const loadCandidates = async () => {
    const web3 = new Web3(nodeUrl);
    const contract = new web3.eth.Contract(contractAbi, contractAddress);
    // Get the total number of candidates from the smart contract
    const candidatesCount = await contract.methods.candidatesCount().call();

    const candidatesArray = [];
    // Fetch each candidate's details from the smart contract
    for (let i = 1; i <= candidatesCount; i++) {
      const candidate = await contract.methods.getCandidate(i).call();
      candidatesArray.push({
        id: i,
        name: candidate[0],
        voteCount: parseInt(candidate[1], 10),
      });
    }
    // Update the state with the list of candidates
    setCandidates(candidatesArray);
    setLoading(false);
  };

  const vote = async (candidateId) => {
    // Load the user's account if not already loaded
    const account = await loadAccount();
    if (!account) return;

    const web3 = new Web3(window.ethereum);
    const contract = new web3.eth.Contract(contractAbi, contractAddress);

    try {
      // Call the vote function in the smart contract
      await contract.methods.vote(candidateId).send({ from: account });
      // Reload the candidates to update the vote counts
      loadCandidates();
    } catch (error) {
      // Handle the error if voting fails
      setError("Error voting: " + error.message);
    }
  };

  return (
    <div className="container mx-auto p-4">
      <h1 className="text-3xl font-bold mb-4">
        Celo Voting App | Dashboard powered by Chainstack
      </h1>
      <h2 className="text-l font-bold mb-4">
        Connect your account and vote for your candidate!
      </h2>
      <h2 className="text-l font-bold mb-4">
        Each account can only vote once.
      </h2>
      {error && <div className="text-red-500 mb-4">{error}</div>}
      {!account ? (
        <div className="mb-4">
          <button
            className="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded"
            onClick={loadAccount}
          >
            Login with MetaMask
          </button>
        </div>
      ) : (
        <>
          <div className="mb-4">
            <span className="text-lg mr-4">Connected: {account}</span>
            <button
              className="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded"
              onClick={disconnectAccount}
            >
              Log out
            </button>
          </div>
          {isCorrectNetwork ? (
            loading ? (
              <div>Loading candidates...</div>
            ) : (
              <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4">
                {candidates.map((candidate) => (
                  <div key={candidate.id} className="p-4 border rounded shadow">
                    <span className="text-lg text-white">
                      {candidate.name}: {candidate.voteCount} votes
                    </span>
                    <button
                      className="ml-4 bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded"
                      onClick={() => vote(candidate.id)}
                    >
                      Vote
                    </button>
                  </div>
                ))}
              </div>
            )
          ) : (
            <div className="text-red-500">
              Please switch to the Celo Alfajores Testnet to vote.
            </div>
          )}
        </>
      )}
    </div>
  );
}

TL;DR front-end code breakdown

This React component implements a frontend interface for a simple voting application that interacts with a Celo blockchain smart contract. Here's a concise breakdown:

  1. Dependencies:

    • Web3 library for blockchain interaction.
    • React hooks (useEffect, useState) for managing state and side effects.
  2. Key Variables:

    • nodeUrl: URL of the Celo blockchain node.
    • chainId: Chain ID for the Celo Mainnet.
    • contractAddress: Address of the deployed voting smart contract.
    • contractAbi: ABI (Application Binary Interface) of the smart contract.
  3. State Variables:

    • candidates: Array to store candidate details.
    • account: Stores the user's blockchain account address.
    • isCorrectNetwork: Boolean indicating if the user is connected to the correct blockchain network.
    • loading: Boolean indicating if candidate data is being loaded.
    • error: String for storing error messages.
  4. Lifecycle Hooks:

    • useEffect: Loads the user's account on the component mount and checks the network status. If the user is connected to the correct network, it loads candidates.
  5. Functions:

    • checkNetwork: Checks if the user is connected to the correct blockchain network and switches networks if necessary.
    • switchNetwork: Switches the user's MetaMask network to the Celo Mainnet.
    • loadAccount: Requests the user's account address from MetaMask and checks the network status.
    • disconnectAccount: Resets the account and network status.
    • loadCandidates: Loads candidate details from the smart contract and updates the state.
    • vote: The user can vote for a candidate by using the smart contract.
  6. UI Elements:

    • Displays the application title and instructions.
    • Connect button to log in with MetaMask.
    • Displays the connected account address and log-out button.
    • Displays a list of candidates with their names, vote counts, and vote buttons.
    • Error messages and network status messages.

This frontend code provides a user interface for interacting with the voting smart contract, enabling users to connect their MetaMask accounts, vote for candidates, and view current voting results.

Run the DApp

All the pieces are together now. If you do not change the contract, the ABI in the front end will work. Otherwise, you'll need to add the updated ABI. Run the project with:

npm run dev

Your front end will be available on http://localhost:3000:

> [email protected] dev
> next dev

  ▲ Next.js 14.2.3
  - Local:        http://localhost:3000

Click on the Login with MetaMask button to connect your wallet to the DApp. Then, you can vote for a candidate by signing a transaction.

Conclusion

Congratulations! You have successfully built a simple voting DApp on the Celo blockchain. Following this tutorial, you've learned how to develop, test, and deploy a smart contract using Foundry and create a frontend interface with Next.js and web3.js to interact with the contract. This project is a foundational example of getting you started with blockchain development on Celo. Remember to enhance and secure your DApp before deploying it to a production environment.